Ralph Ger was a clinical anatomist and innovative surgeon, who spent most of his working life in New York at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He emigrated from South Africa during the period of apartheid, and obtained much of his surgical training in the United Kingdom after war service in t

Hal Morton was born on 18 August 1905 in Port Greville, Nova Scotia, Canada, the son of Charles S Morton, a physician in Halifax, and Marie née Stafford. He was educated at St Andrews College, Toronto, and then Dalhousie University, where he became a member of the Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity of Canada.

Emad Zanati studied medicine at the faculty of medicine at Cairo University. He became a consultant surgeon at the Maadi Armed Forces Hospital in Cairo with the rank of major general. In 2008 he was awarded the fellowship of the college *ad eundum* and he was also a fellow of the Royal College of Su

Ronald Julian Osborne was a plastic surgeon in Ontario, Canada. He was born on 31 August 1931 in Johannesburg, South Africa, the son of Richard and Rose Osborne. In 1958, he gained his licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He was a