Born 9 June 1865, third and youngest son of Thomas H Gladstone, DPh and his wife Matilda, daughter of Joshua Field, FRS, a pioneer of large marine steam engines and one of the founders of the Institution of Civil Engineers. His father died when he was six. He was educated at Clapham Grammar School,

Born at Old Machar, Aberdeenshire, fourth son and sixth of the ten children of John Keith, a farmer, and Jessie Macpherson his wife. He was educated at Gordon's College and Aberdeen University (Marischal College), where he graduated with first-class honours in 1888. After postgraduate study at Leipz