Ralph Ger was a clinical anatomist and innovative surgeon, who spent most of his working life in New York at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He emigrated from South Africa during the period of apartheid, and obtained much of his surgical training in the United Kingdom after war service in t

Albert Ernest Coates was born on 28 January 1895 at Ballarat, Victoria. His father was a minor postal official and his grandparents had emigrated from Suffolk and Cornwall, attracted by the news of the gold discovery. Leaving school at the age of eleven he decided early to become a doctor and he

Edward Francis Shanahan studied medicine at the National University of Ireland where he qualified MB BCh BAO in 1944 with first place and first class honours and won the McArdle Medal. He was an associate member of the International Society of Surgeons. He became lecturer in anatomy at University Co