Arthur John Gardham, the second son of Arthur and Elizabeth Gardham (née Phelps), was born at Leytonstone, Essex on 4 November 1899. He was educated at Bancroft's School, University College and University College Hospital, London, but his studies were interrupted by the first world war when his fath

John Bertram Gilchrist Muir was born on 18 July 1899 at Kai Yuan, Manchuria, where his father, who had qualified in Edinburgh, was a medical missionary. He was educated at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, Eltham College in London and the Middlesex Hospital. His medical training was interrupted by