Alan William Douglas was born on 23 October 1910 in Napier, New Zealand. He was educated at Napier Boys High School and Otago University, where he graduated MB ChB in 1933. Resident posts in Auckland preceded his arrival in England in 1934 when he became surgical registrar at Queen Mary's Hospital f

Arthur Littlewood Newson was born at Wishpool, Victoria, Australia, on 22 August 1906. He was educated at Caulfield Grammar School and Melbourne University, qualifying MB BS in 1932 and was resident medical officer at the Alfred Hospital. He came to England and worked with Rodney Maingot, obtaining