Robert Arnold Fischl was chief of the plastic surgery section of Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut. He was born in Dresden, Germany on 18 June 1928. His father, Emil Fischl, was a paper manufacturer; his mother, Bettina Hahn, was the daughter of a banker. They left Germany in 1939 and settled i

Ronald Julian Osborne was a plastic surgeon in Ontario, Canada. He was born on 31 August 1931 in Johannesburg, South Africa, the son of Richard and Rose Osborne. In 1958, he gained his licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He was a

Hugo Lorenz Obwegeser was internationally recognised as the father of modern orthognathic surgery who initiated huge advances in the development of plastic surgery of the facial skeleton. He was born on 21 October 1920 in Hohenems, Austria and initially graduated in medicine at Innsbruck. In 1945 he