Studied at the University of Durham and the Royal Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. At Durham he distinguished himself in 1869 by gaining the Dickenson Memorial Scholarship in medicine, surgery, midwifery, and pathology. He also gained medals in botany, practical chemistry, and anatomy, serving as pro

Studied at Guy's Hospital, where he won prizes. He acted as House Surgeon in 1888, and then served as Surgeon on a Royal Mail Steamship. In 1891 he was appointed Assistant Anaesthetist at the Royal Dental Hospital, Leicester Square, becoming full Anaesthetist from 1898-1905, when he resigned. In 189