Leon Abrams was a cardiothoracic surgeon who developed the first variable-rate heart pacemaker. He was born in Leeds, but his family soon moved to Birmingham, where he spent most of his life, apart from a short period of National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps. After medical school in Bi

Selwyn Griffin was born at St Helen's, Lancashire, on 3 May 1913. His father, George Harold Barlow Griffin, was a headmaster, and his mother was Ada Ann, née Gerrard. He was educated at St Helen's and Liverpool University, where he was influenced by Sir Robert Kelly and Sir Reginald Watson-Jones. He

Lieutenant General Malik Shaukat Hasan was director of surgery in the Pakistan Army and a pioneer of cardiothoracic surgery in his country. He was born on 12 May 1919 in Amritsar, India, the third son of a middle class Muslim cloth merchant; his paternal grandfather was from Kashmir and his maternal