Born at Newark on 6 January 1862, the second son of Eliezer Paling, a starch manufacturer, and Mary Wigley, his wife. He was educated successively at Magnus Grammar School, Nottingham University College, and University College, London. He then entered Middlesex Hospital, where he served the office o

Born at Fairfield Road, Bristol, on 1 October 1865, the eldest child of David Rayner, wholesale textile merchant, and his wife, Edith Fryer. He was educated at Observatory House School, Bristol, under Dr Cooper, and at the Bristol Medical School. After working in the physiological laboratories, he d