Born 4 March 1862, the second son of Andrew Bowring, a merchant, he was educated privately before entering St Thomas's Hospital Medical School. He qualified in 1892 at the age of thirty, and served as senior obstetric house physician at St Thomas's, and senior resident medical officer at the Royal F

Born at Newark on 6 January 1862, the second son of Eliezer Paling, a starch manufacturer, and Mary Wigley, his wife. He was educated successively at Magnus Grammar School, Nottingham University College, and University College, London. He then entered Middlesex Hospital, where he served the office o

Born in 1865 he was educated at New College, Oxford where he took first-class honours in mathematical moderations and second-class honours in the final school of mathematics. He received his clinical training at St Thomas's Hospital, where he held various resident posts, and made further study at Pa

Born at Fairfield Road, Bristol, on 1 October 1865, the eldest child of David Rayner, wholesale textile merchant, and his wife, Edith Fryer. He was educated at Observatory House School, Bristol, under Dr Cooper, and at the Bristol Medical School. After working in the physiological laboratories, he d