Michael Kugler received his medical education at Guy's Hospital, whence he qualified MB BS in 1946. After qualification he specialised in orthopaedics and was for a time senior orthopaedic registrar at the West Middlesex Hospital. He emigrated to Canada, practising in Toronto first as orthopaedic re

John Candy was born at Newport, Monmouthshire, on 8 January 1924, the son of Thomas Ignatius Candy, MD Belfast, a consulting radiologist. His paternal uncle was a general practitioner in Edinburgh. He was educated at Dolgelly Grammar School and Guy's Hospital Medical School which he entered in 1941.

Andrew Pollen was an orthopaedic surgeon at Bedford General Hospital. He was born in London on 17 October 1923, the son of Jewish parents whose families had to flee persecution in Russia under Tsar Alexander III. His father, Zalman Pollen, was an artist and art teacher, his mother was Esther Violet