Michael Kugler received his medical education at Guy's Hospital, whence he qualified MB BS in 1946. After qualification he specialised in orthopaedics and was for a time senior orthopaedic registrar at the West Middlesex Hospital. He emigrated to Canada, practising in Toronto first as orthopaedic re

After qualifying MB BS from London University in 1946 Eric Martin Kupfer worked as a house surgeon at Ashford County Hospital and Westminster Hospital. He then became registrar in the fractures and orthopaedics department of the East Suffolk and Ipswich Hospital. Finally he was consultant in orthopa

Alec Benjamin was a consultant orthopaedic and trauma surgeon at west Hertfordshire from 1961 until 1984. Initially, he was on the staff of Watford General and Hemel Hempstead hospitals, but in the early eighties he moved his sessions from Watford to St Albans. He was born at home in Stoke Newin

Roland Hart was born in Pakistan on 22 July 1919 and there he spent his early years. He was educated in England at the Thames Valley School and then at Alleyn's School where he developed a great interest in botany. He became a scholar at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he read a natural science t

John Gwyn Howell (Toby) James was born in Pontypridd on 5 May 1919 to Thomas Edwin James, a bank manager, and his wife Margaret, née Williams, a farmer's daughter. After early education in South Wales he studied medicine in Cardiff, and graduated MRCS, LRCP at the Welsh National School of Medicine i

Alan Murley was born in Gidea Park, Essex, on 9 November 1923, the son of George Fraser Murley, an insurance broker, and Winifred Annie Gunary. He was educated at the Royal Liberty School, Romford, where he excelled in sports, being captain of his cricket and football teams. Despite being offered a

Anthony John Harrold was educated at University College School, London, where he had a distinguished academic record. He moved on to St Mary's Hospital Medical School and graduated there with distinction in surgery in 1946. Following resident appointments at St Mary's, Amersham, and Bradford, he too

He was born in London in 1912, and received his early education at Doon House Preparatory School, Westgate-on-Sea, Kent. He then went to Uppingham and was promoted to the scientific sixth form in his fourth year. In 1930 he was enrolled as a medical student at the London Hospital Medical College.

Andrew Pollen was an orthopaedic surgeon at Bedford General Hospital. He was born in London on 17 October 1923, the son of Jewish parents whose families had to flee persecution in Russia under Tsar Alexander III. His father, Zalman Pollen, was an artist and art teacher, his mother was Esther Violet