Norman Wynne Roberts, the second son of Dr Thomas Roberts, a general practitioner and later a medical officer of health, and of Elizabeth Roberts (née Thomas), was born at Caernarvon, North Wales, on 2 July 1907. He was educated at Grove Park Grammar School, Wrexham, and at Liverpool University. Aft

Israel Preiskel was born on 7 July 1907 in Lithuania but early in his infancy the family moved to Paris and came to England when he was seven. He was educated at the Grocers' Company School in Hackney, from which he won a scholarship to St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School. A brilliant student,