Born at Heywood, Lancashire on 19 May 1886, third son of James Diggle, consulting water engineer, and Rachel Alice Holt, his wife. He was educated at Rossall School and Manchester University, and studied medicine at St Bartholomew's and the London Hospital. He won medals in anatomy and gynaecology,

Born in San Francisco on 1 February 1880, the eldest child of J Lewis Franklin, a business man, and his wife *née* Last; his father died while he was still a boy. He was educated at Lowell High School and the University of California. Coming to Europe he worked at Heidelberg University and at King's