Ian Alexander Mackie was an associate specialist in the external eye diseases clinic at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, and at St George's Hospital. He studied medicine at Aberdeen, qualifying in 1954, and held house posts in the city, at Woodend General Hospital and the Royal Infirmary. He gained

Arne Christophe Andreas Hempel worked for many years as an ophthalmologist in clinics at the Westminster Hospital and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. Born in Oslo on 6 May 1931, he was one of five children. He spent much of his early life in Dublin, where his father, Eduard Hempel, a career dipl

Bryan Paul Cooper was born in Leicester on 26 December 1931. His family emigrated to Australia four years later and settled in Croydon, New South Wales, where his father worked as a carpenter and joiner. Cooper was educated at the Christian Brothers, Lewisham, Sydney, from which he won an exhibition