Ralph Ger was a clinical anatomist and innovative surgeon, who spent most of his working life in New York at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He emigrated from South Africa during the period of apartheid, and obtained much of his surgical training in the United Kingdom after war service in t

Sir Robert Shields enjoyed a distinguished career in surgery and in academic and health service administration. He was professor of surgery and chairman of the department of surgery and honorary consultant to the Royal Liverpool University and Broadgreen hospitals from 1969 to 1996. His unit was int

Born 12 January 1862 at Westport, Connecticut, the eldest son of Horace Bradley Coley, farmer, and Clarine Bradley Wakeman, his wife. He was educated at Westport School, at Yale University (1880) and at the Harvard Medical School (1886-88). He acted as instructor in surgery at the New York Postgradu

Born in 1910, Francis Rundle was educated in Newcastle and graduated from Sydney University Medical School with first class honours and the University Medal in 1932. During his early training in the competitive environment of the university hospitals in London, he won the Jacksonian Prize of the Col

Walter Campbell MacKenzie was born in 1909 in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. He went to school in Sydney and Baddeck and to Dalhousie University. He graduated BSc in 1929, MD, ChM in 1933 and was awarded the Malcolm Honour Society Medal as the outstanding graduate in his year. He was a resident at the Roya

Hal Morton was born on 18 August 1905 in Port Greville, Nova Scotia, Canada, the son of Charles S Morton, a physician in Halifax, and Marie née Stafford. He was educated at St Andrews College, Toronto, and then Dalhousie University, where he became a member of the Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity of Canada.

Born in 1876 in Oldham, Lancashire, David Wylie was educated at Manchester Grammar School and University, winning the surgical clinical prize in 1897 and qualifying in 1898 with first class honours. After two years in resident posts at the Royal Infirmary he served as a civil surgeon in the Boer war

Victor Coppleson was born in 1893 in the small town of Wee Waa in the central part of New South Wales; he was educated there and at Sydney Grammar School. He then entered St Andrew's College in the University of Sydney, and graduated in 1915. After a period of resident appointments at the Royal Prin

Born on 1 October 1894 at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, son of Dr Henry James Bailey MB, MS (Edin). He was educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate and then entered the London Hospital Medical College. His studies were interrupted by the first world war and whilst serving as a dresser with the first Belg

Robert Janes was born the son of a farmer at Watford, Ontario on 6 September 1894, and never lost his love of the land and the beauties of nature. Shortly after graduating in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1916, he joined the Canadian Army Medical Corps and served in England and France t

Born 1882 at Barrie, Ontario, of pioneer Scottish parents, he was educated at Barrie Grammar School where he did well at work and games. In 1899 he entered the medical faculty of the University of Toronto, from which he graduated with honours in 1903, the youngest member of his class. He played hock

Donald Macleod Douglas was born on 28 June 1911 and educated at Madras College, University of St Andrew's, where he graduated MB ChB in 1934. He became Commonwealth fellow and fellow in surgery at the Mayo Clinic from 1937 to 1939 and was then appointed first assistant in surgery at the British Post