Born 9 April 1872 at Hadley, Kerry district, Montgomeryshire, the second child and eldest son of William H Pugh, a civil servant, and Annie Grant, his wife. He was educated at Ardwyn School and the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He entered the Middlesex Hospital as a scholar in 1889, won

Born at Old Machar, Aberdeenshire, fourth son and sixth of the ten children of John Keith, a farmer, and Jessie Macpherson his wife. He was educated at Gordon's College and Aberdeen University (Marischal College), where he graduated with first-class honours in 1888. After postgraduate study at Leipz