First Title value, for Searching Maiman, Theodore Harold (1927 - 2007)

2024-04-28T21:25:52Z

by Royal College of Surgeons of England
Publication Date 2007-11-08
Unknown
Asset Path Root/Lives of the Fellows/E000000-E000999/E000400-E000499
URL for Files https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/372607372607
Occupation Physicist
Details In 1960 Theodore Maiman developed the first laser while working at the Hughes Research Laboratories in California. Born in Los Angeles on 11 July 1927, his father, Abraham Maiman, was an electrical engineer. Ted Maiman was raised in Denver, Colorado, and served in the US Navy before studying physics at the University of Colorado, paying his way by repairing electrical appliances. He went on to Stanford under Willis Lamb, who won the Nobel prize for physics in 1955 for his work on the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum. After gaining his PhD, Maiman went to work at the Hughes Research Laboratories in California, owned by the eccentric billionaire Howard Hughes. At Columbia University Charles H Townes was applying Einstein’s concept of stimulated emission, a logical development of his theory of relativity. Although Townes had shown in theory that the principle could be applied to visible light, he used microwaves in his prototype two-ton ‘maser’. Maiman was assigned to make a smaller version. His system, the first to work for visible light, used the emission from chromium atoms in a rod of synthetic ruby that had been grown by Ralph L Hutcheson. Each end of the rod was made optically flat and coated with silver. At first a photographic flash was used as the source of light. Maiman’s first instrument weighed two kilograms. Slowly, the power of the system was increased, until on 16 May 1960 the red pulses suddenly grew brighter as the threshold was crossed and the first laser beam was produced. Publication was at first turned down, but Howard Hughes held a press conference, where the new system was misleadingly reported as a ‘death ray’. Maiman left Hughes to start his own company, which he sold after a few years to become a consultant for the aerospace firm TRW, which built space satellites and missiles. He was twice nominated for a Nobel prize, but won many other awards, including the Ballantine medal of the Franklin Institute (1962), the Wood prize of the American Optical Society (1976), the Wolf prize (1984), the Japan prize (1987) and an honorary fellowship of our College. He died of systemic mastocytosis on 5 May 2007 in Vancouver. He leaves his second wife, Kathleen Heath, and a stepdaughter, Cynthia Sanford.
Resource Identifier RCS: E000423
Collection Plarr's Lives of the Fellows
Format Obituary
Format Asset

First Title value, for Searching Hopkins, Harold Horace (1918 - 1994)

2024-04-28T21:25:52Z

by Royal College of Surgeons of England
Publication Date 2015-09-09
JPEG Image
Asset Path Root/Lives of the Fellows/E008000-E008999/E008000-E008099
URL for Files https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/380194380194
Occupation Physicist
Details Harold Hopkins, who was to be awarded the Honorary FRCS for his revolutionary innovations in the field of medical optical instrumentation, was born in Leicester on 6 December 1918, where his father, William Ernest, worked for a small baker. His mother was Ellen Teresa, née Hewitt. He gained a scholarship to the Gateway School and another to Leicester University where he read physics and graduated BSc in 1939. At the outbreak of war he was directed to work in the optics company Taylor, Taylor and Hobson and apart from six months' military service (due to a clerical error) he was to work in the industry until 1947. As a wartime concession he was allowed to take his PhD outside the University and was awarded the degree in London in 1945, followed later by a DSc in 1952. In 1947 he was appointed a research fellow in Imperial College, but soon rose to lecturer and then reader before gaining a new Chair of Applied Optics in Reading University in 1967. During this time he made a number of advances in theoretical optics, as well as devising the zoom lens but his first interest in medical instruments came in 1950 after a chance meeting with Dr Gainsborough, gastroenterologist at St George's. The need for a flexible endoscope was readily apparent and with a grant from the Royal Society he started work on the use of coherent glass fibre bundles for transmitting the visual image. His innovative system was published in *Nature* in 1954. His improvements in the rigid endoscopes were stimulated by a contact with J G Gow FRCS, a Liverpool urologist who was struggling to obtain colour photographs through cystoscopes in which neither the illumination nor the image quality were adequate. Hopkins devised the rod lens system which greatly enhanced the image and when coupled with light transmitted from an external source via the glass fibre bundles produced an instrument which transformed the possibilities of endoscopic surgery. Unhappily British instrument makers declined to take up these inventions, which were then seized upon by Karl Storz in Germany, whose firm was soon the leading manufacturer of endoscopic instruments. Hopkins further devised a prism system with a side arm allowing a second observer to get as good a view as the operator, a great help in teaching. Television cameras were soon added and these were the first steps in the revolutionary change which has led minimally invasive surgery to displace open operation in many fields. For Hopkins, however, these developments represented only a part of his scientific activity, and when he was awarded the FRS in 1973 medical instrumentation was not even mentioned. He has nevertheless been honoured by many branches of our profession: an honorary Fellow of the British Association of Urological Surgeons with the St Peter's Medal in 1974, Honorary FRCS and Lister Orator and Medallist in the Royal College of Surgeons 1990; Honorary Fellow and Gold Medallist 1994 of the Royal Society of Medicine. He received honorary doctorates from a number of universities. Harold Hopkins was a man of diverse talents, a linguist with a facility in several languages (lecturing freely in French and German), a competent musician, a carpenter, an inspiring teacher and the possessor of a happy, sometimes mischievous, sense of humour. He shared his love of sailing with his wife Christine, née Ridsdale, whom he married in 1950, and she combined raising a family with a successful career as an artist. He died from metastatic carcinoma of the prostate on 22 October 1994, survived by his wife, three sons and a daughter.
Resource Identifier RCS: E008011
Collection Plarr's Lives of the Fellows
Format Obituary
Format Asset

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First Title value, for Searching Maiman, Theodore Harold (1927 - 2007)

First Title value, for Searching Hopkins, Harold Horace (1918 - 1994)